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“Aim. Production of biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively investigated

in the world. The main issue in converting lignocellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol is the accessibility of the polysaccharides for enzymatic breakdown into monosaccharides. The aim of this article was evaluation of the physicochemical properties of steam exploded canola straw and its efficiency for enhancing fermentable sugar production. Methods. In this study the effect of steam explosion on the physicochemical Characterization of Canola Straw was investigated Results. Steam exploded canola straw had higher Ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and cellulose than untreated canola straw while lower in hemicellulose in comparison with blank samples. By application of steam explosion treatment cellulose accessibility and it hydrolysis by enzyme hydrolysis increased. Maximum Selleck S3I-201 cellulose to glucose conversion (29.37%) VS-6063 was obtained for steam exploded sample while control samples showed 11.59% glucose yields. Conclusion. The effectiveness of steam explosion pretreatment in biomass conversion to fermentable sugar is due to its ability to change the biomass

to sponge like and pores structure with higher porosity and lower bulk density in comparison with untreated canola straw that increased cellulose accessibility and it hydrolysis by enzyme hydrolysis.”
“In four experiments, we studied the time course of interference between detection of an oddball orientation target (OT) in an 8-item circular search display, and identification of a letter target (LT) in a central stream of distractor letters. Dual-task performance for different temporal lags between targets was compared to single-task Tariquidar ic50 performance. When the LT preceded the OT, dual-task performance levels were reduced at short inter-target intervals of 0 and 166 ms; when the OT preceded

the LT, the dual-task interference was unexpectedly stronger and lasted for up to 500 ms. Resource competition due to temporally overlapping target processing cannot account for this result, because the feature search task is easier than the letter identification task, and therefore would have generated less interference when presented first. Two alternative explanations were explored. First, by manipulating the spatial inter-target distance, we investigated to what degree there is a penalty associated with directing the attentional window from a large object (the search display) to a smaller object (the central letter stream). Second, by varying the duration of the OT and subsequent mask, we studied whether the interference was caused by the difficulty of disengaging attention from the search display. Results support this second explanation and thus indicate that switching attention to the letter stream is hampered by the continuing presence of (masked) search display items.